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Definition:
During the history of Christianity, four different ecumenical church councils were held in the city of Constantinople:
First Council of Constantinople:
Held between May and July in 384, and called by emperor Theodosius I, the First Council of Constantinople was the second ecumenical church council in Christianity. All 186 bishops who attended were from the East - none from the West and no representatives of Pope Damasus I were there.
Theodosius' purpose in calling this council was to deal with the threat of the Arian controversy and the council's final decisions included: the Holy Spirit is divine, Jesus Christ is fully human, and Jesus Christ is co-equal with God.
Second Council of Constantinople:
Meeting from May 5 through June 2 of 553, the Second Council of Constantinople was the fifth ecumenical council of Christianity. It was called by emperor Justinian I, primarily to deal with the heresy of Nestorianism. Almost all of the bishops who attended from the East and for a while Pope Virgilius was forced to accept Justinian's condemnations.
Third Council of Constantinople:
Held between November 7, 680 and September 6, 681, the Third Council of Constantinople was the sixth ecumenical council in Christianity. It was called by emperor Constantine IV because of the recent decision at a synod convened by Pope Agatho which had declared that Jesus Christ had two wills, contradicting the teachings of Monotheletism. The bishops meeting at Constantinople agreed with Agatho and reiterated the decisions made at the earlier Council of Chalcedon that Christ had two wills - one human and one divine - which work together harmoniously.
Fourth Council of Constantinople:
Held between October 5, 869 and February 28, 870, the Fourth Council of Constantinople was the eight ecumenical council according to the Roman Catholic Church. It was used to condemn the teachings of Photius, the former patriarch of Constantinople who opposed the inclusion of filioque in the Nicene Creed.
The Eastern Orthodox Church, however, does not recognize the authority of this council. Instead, it recognizes the authority of a separate council held in Constantinople between 879 and 880 which approved of Photius and which also rejected the use of filioque, annulling the decision made at the other council.
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